Categories of Design Patterns

Creational	Based on the concept of creating an object
Class
Factory Method	Makes an instance of several derived classes based on interfaced data or events
Object
Abstract Factory	Creates an instance of several families of classes without detailing concrete classes
Builder	Separates object construction from its representation; always creates the same type of object
Prototype	A fully initialized instance used for copying or cloning
Singleton	A class with only a single instance with global access points

Structural	Based on the idea of building blocks of objects
Class
Adaptor	Matches interfaces of different classes so that classes can work together despite incompatible interfaces
Object
Bridge	Separates an object;s interface from its implementation so that the two can vary independently
Composite	A structure of simple and composite objects that makes the total object more than just the sum of its parts
Decorator	Dynamically adds alternate processing to objects
Facade	A single class that hides the complexity of an entire subsystem
Flyweight	A fine-grained instance used for efficient sharing of information that is contained elsewhere
Proxy	A placeholder object representing the true object

Behavioral	Based on the way objects play and work together
Class
Interpreter	A way to include language elements in an application to match the grammar of the intended language
Template method	Creates the shell of an algorithm in a method, then defers the exact steps to a subclass
Object
Chain of responsibility	A way of passing a request between a chain of objects to find the object that can handle the request
Command	A way to separate the execution of a command from its invoker
Iterator	Sequentially accesses the elements of a collection without knowing the inner workings of the collection
Mediator	Defines simplified communication between classes to prevent a group of classes from referring explicitly to each other
Memento	Captures an object's internal state to be able to restore it later
Observer	A way of notifying change to a number of classes to ensure consistency between the classes
State	Alters an object's behavior when its state changes
Strategy	Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class, separating the selection from the implementation
Visitor	Adds a new operation to a class without changing the class

Reference: JavaScript Design Patterns, 2nd Edition by Addy Osmani